Nicolson File Company. (1956). File filosophy and how to get the most out of files (-being a brief account of the history, manufacture, variety and uses of files in general.) Twentieth Edition. Nicolson File Company, Providence, R.I. IS.

• The definitive guide to files and their use.
• Also see the US & New England Toolmakers bibliography for many more Nicolson publications.

Flax Dressing
(also see Milliners and Textiles)

Sprague, William B. (May 1936). Flax dressing by hand. The Chronicle. 1(17). pg. 1, 3. IS.

Sprague, William B. (July 1936). Flax dressing by hand. The Chronicle. 1(18). pg. 4, 6. IS.

Van Wagenen, Jared. (March 1947). Flax and the loom. The Chronicle. 3(11). pg. 93, 95, 97-99, 101-102 . X.

Foundry Operation
(also see metallurgy, blacksmiths)

Alloy Casting Institute Division. (1973). High alloy data sheets: Corrosion series. Steel Founders' Society of America, Cast Metals Federation Building, Rocky River, OH. IS.

Alloy Casting Institute Division. (1973). High alloy data sheets: Heat series. Steel Founders' Society of America, Cast Metals Federation Building, Rocky River, OH. IS.

Batory, Dana Martin. (Summer 2004). Cast in iron. Fine Tool Journal. 54(1). pg. 8-13.IS.

• "Carbon is the most important element in cast iron.  Its greatest influence is its effect on the melting point.  Pure iron melts at 2735 degrees, a temperature very difficult to reach.  The presence of just 3.55 carbon in pig iron reduces the melting point to 2075 degrees.  Therefore, cast iron is easily and cheaply melted and can be produced more economically than any other form of iron." (pg. 8).
• "H. B. Smith, founder of the H. B. Smith Machine Co. (1847) of Smithville, New Jersey, pioneered the use of cast iron in woodworking machinery.  Unlike his competitors, he used all iron construction in his major machines from the very beginning.  Even so, some minor Smith machines were built with wooden frames to meet the needs of smaller shops." (pg. 11).
• "William C. Bolger pointed out its importance in Smithville: The Result of Enterprise (1980): 'The statement that 'It is all iron' is significant, both in terms of the man and his future career as a manufacturer of woodworking machines.  His reputation in the machine business was due as much to his use of iron as to the designs he patented.'" (pg. 11).

Miller, J.K. (1936). Forging dies. International Textbook Company, Scranton, PA. IS.

Sopcak, James E. (1968). Handbook of lost wax or investment casting. Gembooks, Mentone, CA. IS.

• "A how-to-do manual that shows you how to make the equipment you will need as well as how to use it to make patterns, molds and castings for jewelry and small metal parts." (pg. 1).

Stimpson, William C., Gray, Burton L. and Grennan, John. (1930). Foundry work: A practical handbook on standard foundry practice, including hand and machine molding with typical problems, casting operations, melting and pouring equipment, metallurgy of cast metals, etc.  American Technical Society, Chicago. IS.

• "Foundry work may be described as that branch of engineering which deals with the melting of metal and the subsequent pouring of this molten metal into molds to form castings.  Castings are made in large quantities in two general classes of metals or their alloys.  The largest and most important group of castings is made from the iron (ferrous) group of alloys, consisting of gray cast iron, malleable cast iron, carbon steel castings, and alloy steel castings.  The non-ferrous group of castings includes those made of the copper-base alloys -- brass and bronze; aluminum alloys; zinc-base alloys; and the tin- and lead-base alloys.  These several alloys are poured or forced, when melted, into molds of different types." pg. 1.
• "There are two general types of molds -- sand and metal molds.  Those in which nearly all the castings are made, when judged from a tonnage basis are sand molds.  Metal molds are used in increasing numbers, particularly for making small castings in large quantities.  Their outstanding use is in the production of die castings, which are usually made of zinc or aluminum alloys." pg. 1.
• "Sand molding is divided into three classes or divisions, two of which, green sand molding and dry sand molding, are quite similar.  Loam molding, the third method of sand molding, differs greatly from green and dry sand molding.  Green and dry sand molding are again divided into three divisions: bench molding for small castings, floor molding for medium and fairly heavy castings, and pit molding for large castings." pg. 1-2.
• "Foundry facing is the term given to materials applied to or mixed with the sand that comes in contact with the melted metal. ... The principle facings are graphite and sea coal." pg. 6.
• "Core making supplements molding.  It deals with the construction of separate shapes in sand which form holes, cavities or pockets, in the castings.  Such shapes are called cores.  They are held firmly in position by the sand of the mold itself or by the use of chaplets.  Core sand is of different composition from molding sand.  It is shaped in wooden molds called core boxes.  Cores are baked in an oven before they can be used.  the whole detail of their construction is so different from that of a mold, that core making is a distinct trade, but, like pattern making, closely connected with foundry work." pg. 79.
• "The chief difference in the composition of steel and cast iron is in the amount of carbon they contain.  When iron ore is smelted in a blast furnace, it changes from iron oxide to iron.  The iron absorbs carbon from the coke in the blast furnace until the iron carries about 3.5 per cent carbon. ... Carbon is the most important element in cast iron.  One of the important influences of carbon on cast iron is the effect on the melting point.  Pure iron has a melting point of 2735º F., a temperature which is so high that it is very difficult to reach.  The presence of 3.5 per cent carbon in pig iron reduces the melting point to 2075º F.  For this reason, cast iron is easily and cheaply melted and therefore it can be produced more cheaply than any other form of iron. ...Carbon is found in cast iron in two different chemical forms.  Iron and carbon form a chemical compound, which is called cementite.  The chemical formula of this is Fe₃C.  When cast iron is molten, the carbon is always chemically combined with the iron.  When the cast iron cools, there are conditions that will cause this compound of iron and carbon to separate into its two constituents, iron and carbon.  When the carbon is not chemically combined with the iron, it is called free carbon or graphitic carbon and the cast iron is known as gray cast iron. ... When the iron and carbon are chemically combined in the form of cementite, the cast iron is very hard and is known as white cast iron." pg. 166-168.
• "Wonderful results have been obtained in the properties of steel by the addition of other elements.  Nickel steel, nickel chromium steel, molybdenum steel, vanadium steel, manganese steel, silicon steel, stainless steel, high-speed steel, and other alloy steels give greater service under special conditions than ordinary carbon steel. ... Any change in the total carbon content of gray cast iron will cause a softening of the cast iron as the carbon increases and a relative hardening as the carbon decreases. ... For machinery castings 30 per cent of steel gives the strongest castings.  Automobile cylinders are made with from 15 per cent to 20 per cent steel in the charge." pg. 172-174.
• On nickel cast iron: "Nickel alone may be added to cast iron.  Its softening effect is very similar to that of silicon.  Chromium hardens cast iron.  When nickel and chromium are both used, a finer grained cast iron ... is produced." pg. 175.
• "Malleable cast iron is cast as a white cast iron and, by suitable heat treatment, the combined carbon is changed to free carbon.  The resulting castings are strong and tough. ... Lighter castings are made with higher silicon content than are heavy castings. The quality of the castings is higher with a low carbon content." pg. 176.
• "There are two outstanding alloys of copper, namely, brass and bronze.  Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, and a true bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.  Lead, in varying amounts, is found in both brass and bronze. ... Brass is made in two ways.  It may be cast into ingots and rolled and pressed into shape, or it may be cast into sand molds to form castings." pg. 179.
• "The three common bronzes are called gun metal, bell metal, and bearing bronze.  Gun metal is composed of 90 per cent copper, and 10 per cent tin. ... Bell metal is harder than gun metal and contains approximately 20 per cent tin.  Small bells contain as high as 25 per cent tin. ... Bronze bearing metal contains copper, tin, and lead.  A very common mixture is 80 per cent copper, 10 per cent tin, and 10 per cent lead." pg. 180.

• The three volumes are titled: Properties and Selection of Metals, Heat Treating, Cleaning and Finishing, and Machinery.
• A definitive reference for the foundryman and patternmaker.  This set was formerly owned by the Mineloa Pattern Works, Inc., Garden City Park, Long Island, NY and bought from the head patternmaker, Eric R. Swedberg, who had retired to Dover, NH.

West, Thomas D. (1883). American foundry practice: treating of loam, dry sand and green sand moulding: And containing a practical treatise upon the management of cupolas and the melting of iron. J. Wiley & Sons, NY, NY.

West, Thomas Dyson. (1891). West's moulders' text-book: Being part II. of American foundry practice. J. Wiley, NY, NY.

Woodworth, Joseph V. (1903). Dies, their construction and use for the modern working of sheet metals: A treatise on the design, construction and use of dies, punches, tools, fixtures and devices, together with the manner in which they should be used in the power press. N.W. Henley & Co., New York, NY.

Woodworth, Joseph V. (1907). Punches, dies and tools for manufacturing in presses ... / by Joseph V. Woodworth ... a companion and reference volume to the author's elementary work entitled "Dies, their construction and use for the modern working of sheet metals". N.W. Henley & Co., New York, NY.

Glassblowing

Heddle, G. M. (1961). A manual on etching and engraving glass. Alec Tiranti Ltd., London. IS.

Oppenheim, A. Leo et al. (1971) Glass and glass making in ancient Mesopotamia. Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, NY.

Starbuck, David R. (1986). The New England Glassworks. New Hampshire Archaeologist. 27.

Wilson, Kenneth M. (1969). Glass in New England. Old Sturbridge Village Publications, Sturbridge, MA. IS.

Grinding

Behr-Manning. (1944). How to sharpen. Behr-Manning a division of Norton Abrasives, Troy, NY. IS.

Norton Abrasives. (no date). How to use truing and dressing tools for better grinding. Norton Company, Worcester, MA. IS.

Norton Abrasives. (1943). The abc of internal grinding: A handbook for operators of internal grinding machines. Norton Company, Worcester, MA. IS.

Norton Abrasives. (1951). The abc of o. d. grinding: Cylindrical centerless. Norton Company, Worcester, MA. IS.

Norton Abrasives. (1952). The abc of surface grinding. Norton Company, Worcester, MA. IS.

Norton Abrasives. (1956). A handbook on tool room grinding including the sharpening of high-speed steel, nonferrous cast alloy and cemented carbide tools. Norton Company, Worcester, MA. IS.

Norton Abrasives. (1956). Mounted wheels: Principles of safe and efficient operation with tables of maximum operating speeds. Norton Company, Worcester, MA. IS.

Norton Abrasives. (1957). A handbook on abrasives and grinding wheels. Norton Company, Worcester, MA. IS.

Tone, Frank J. (no date). Abrasives in the service of industry. The Carborundum Company, Niagara Falls, NY. IS.

Woodbury, Robert S. (1959). History of the grinding machine; a historical study in tools and precision production. Technology Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.

Graining

Wall, William E. (1905). Graining: Ancient and modern. Norwood Press, Norwood, MA. IS.

Gunsmiths

Annonymous. (1985). Researching early Maine craftsmen: John H. Hall and the gunsmith’s trade. Maine Historical Society Quarterly. 24. pg. 410-15.

Bonhams & Butterfields. 2006. The William H. Guthman Collection part I: Arms and militaria: Thursday October 12, 2006 the Frank Jones Center Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Bonhams & Butterfields, San Francisco, CA. IS.

Brown, M. L. (1980). Firearms in colonial America: The impact on history and technology, 1492-1792. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Clephan, Robert Coltman, F.S.A. (1906). An outline of the history and development of hand firearms, from the earliest period to about the end of the fifteenth century. Walter Scott Publishing Co.,LTD. New York, NY. IS.

Cooper, Carolyn C. (1988). A whole battalion of stockers': Thomas Blanchard's production line and hand labor at Springfield Armory. IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 14(1). pg. 37-57.

Cooper, Carolyn C., Gordon, R.B. and Merrick, H.V. (1982). Archeological evidence of metallurgical innovation at the Eli Whitney Armory. IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 8(1). pg. 1-12.

Deyrup, Felicia Johnson. (1948). Arms makers of the Connecticut River Valley. Smith College Studies in History. Vol. 33. Smith College, Northampton, MA.

Drepperd, Carl W. (March 1947). The American rifle and firearms industry. The Chronicle. 3(11). pg. 93-94, 96, 102. X.

Dunlap, Roy F. (1963). Gunsmithing: A manual of firearms design, construction, alteration and remodeling. For amateur and professional gunsmiths and users of modern firearms. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. IS.

Efoulkes, Charles J. (1938). The gunfounders of England. University Press, London.

Edwards, William Bennett. (1962). Civil War guns; the complete story of Federal and Confederate small arms: design, manufacture, identification, procurement, issue, employment, effectiveness, and postwar disposal. Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, PA.

Gilbert, Keith Reginald. (1963). The Ames recessing machine: A survivor of the original Enfield Rifle machinery. Technology and Culture. 4. pg. 207-211.

Greener, W.W. (1910). The gun and its development. Reprinted by Bonanza Books, New York, NY. IS.

• This classic on gunsmithing was first published in 1881; the ninth edition published in 1910 has been reprinted by Bonanza Books.
• A particularly comprehensive overview about the history of firearms and the many German, Italian, French and English arms smiths.
• Contains interesting documentation of what was called in the 19th century "Whitworth steel."  Joseph Whitworth adapted Huntsman's cast steel to gunsmithing, manufacturing in the mid-19th century a brand of steel known as "wheat sheaf"; Greener notes this steel was the best high carbon "fluid compressed steel" available to gunsmiths at the beginning of the age of the steel.  Guns prior to 1850 had been made of either wrought iron or the pattern welded twisted iron and steel barrels popular with English sportsmen and known as Damascus steel.  Weldless cast steel guns were much more reliable than the pattern welded sporting guns of the English upper classes, which often developed gray mars from the flecks of iron oxide accidentally left by the pattern welding of the damascened gun barrel.

Hatch, A.P. (1956). Remington arms in american history. New York, NY.

Hubbard, Howard G. (November 1937). Gun flints. The Chronicle. 2(2). pg. 11. IS.

Irwin, John Rice. (1980). Guns and gunmaking tools of Southern Appalachia: The story of the Kentucky rifle. Atglen, PA. Reprinted in 1983 by Schiffer Publishing, Exton, PA.

Kindig, Joe. (1983). Thoughts on the Kentucky rifle in its golden age. G. Shumway, York, PA.

Nonte, George C. Jr. (1978). Pistolsmithing. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. IS.

Raber, Michael S. (1988). Conservative innovators, military small arms, and industrial history at Springfield Armory, 1794-1968. IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 14(1). pg. 1-21.

Raber, Michael S., and Raber Associates. (1989). Conservative innovators and military small arms: An industrial history at Springfield Armory, 1794-1968. Unpublished report for the National Park Service. Springfield Armory National Historic Site, South Glastonbury, CT.

Russell, Carl P. (1967). Firearms, traps and tools of the mountain men. Knopf, New York, NY.

Smith, Merritt Roe. (1973). John H. Hall, Simeon North, and the milling machine: The nature of innovation among antebellum arms makers. Technology and Culture. 14. pg. 573-591.

Smith, Merritt Roe. (1977). Harpers Ferry Armory and the new technology: The challenge of change. Ithaca, NY.

Steele, Brett D. (April 1994). Muskets and pendulums: Benjamin Robins, Loenhrad Euler, and the ballistics revolution. Technology and Culture: The International Quarterly of the Society for the History of Technology. 35(2). pg. 348-382. IS.

Swinney, H.J. (March 1999). Gun iron and mild steel. Muzzle Blasts. 60(7). pg. 79-82. Reprinted from Bulletin Number 78 of the American Society of Arms Collectors.

van Patten, R.E. (February 2003). A brief history of swivel guns - circa 1480-1837. Muzzle Blasts. 64(6). pg. 65-66. X.

Williamson, H.F. (1952). Winchester the gun that won the west. Washington, DC.

Homemakers
(Also see the Women and Technology bibliography)

Anonymous. (June 1965). Women's world. The Chronicle. 18(2). pg. 23-24. IS.

• Bread rasp, whisks and beaters, pans and bowls.

• Mincing knives.

• Lamp chimney accessories, stove pipe shelf, sad-iron heater or long pan.

• Wire kitchen utensils.

• Box mangles (wringer).

• Hair curling and crimping irons.

Bacon, J. Earle. (August 1942). The busy Yankee girl. The Chronicle. 2(21). pg. 185-186. IS.

Cooper, Miner J. (March 1963). Laundry irons. The Chronicle. 16(1). pg. 6-7. IS.

Durell, Edward. (September 1962). More irons. The Chronicle. 15(3). pg. 28-30. IS.

Gould, Mary Earle. (September 1960). Larding and larding needles. The Chronicle. 13(3). pg. 33. IS.

Gould, Mary Earle. (December 1961). Mortars and pestles and their many uses. The Chronicle. 14(4). pg. 41-43. IS.

Hynson, Garret. (April 1942). Maine butter molds. The Chronicle. 2(20). pg. 176. IS.

Johnson, Laurence A. (June 1957). The Indian broom. The Chronicle. 10(2). pg. 13-14, 24. IS.

Johnson, Laurence A. (June 1957). Fruit lifters. The Chronicle. 10(3). pg. 28-30. IS.

Keillor, James A. (December 1971). Bread-making tools. The Chronicle. 24(4). pg. 57. IS.

Lessey, Ruth. (December 1961). Hearth ovens. The Chronicle. 14(4). pg. 44. IS.

McConnel, Bridget. (1999). The story of antique needlework tools. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd.

Packham, Jim. (September 1999). Shears and scissors. The Chronicle. 52(3). pg. 100-107. IS.

• An excellent survey of the wide variety of scissor-type implements.

Woloson, Leah. (March 1966). Women's world. The Chronicle. 19(1). pg. 13-14. IS.

• Pastry jagger, graters, and apple parers.

Ice Harvesting

Cummings, Richard O. (1949). The American ice harvests: A study in historical technology, 1800-1918. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Hall, Henry. (1974). The ice industry of the United States, with a brief sketch of its history. Early American Industries Association, from U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Census Division. IS.

Siegel, Bob Jr. (April 1971). Ice from nature to consumer -- tools and methods. The Chronicle. 24(1). pg. 1-5.IS.

Inventors and Inventions

Doster, Alexis, III, Goodwin, Joe and Ross, Jane M. Eds. (1978). The Smithsonian Book of Invention. Smithsonian Exposition Books, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. IS.

Newcomen Society. (1928). Martin Triewald’s short description of the atmospheric engine. Translated from the edition of 1734. Courier, London.

Usher, A.P. (1954). A history of mechanical inventions. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Knives and Swords
(Also see cutlers and edge tools)

Hrisoulas, James. (1987) The Complete Bladesmith: Forging Your Way To Perfection. Paladin Press, Boulder, CO.

Hrisoulas, James. (1994) The Pattern-Welded Blade: Artistry In Iron. Paladin Press, Boulder, CO.

Hrisoulas, James. (2005) The Master Bladesmith: Advanced Studies in Steel. Paladin Press, Boulder, CO.

Kapp, Leon and Hiriko, Yoshindo Yoshihara. The Craft of the Japanese Sword. Kodansha International; ISBN #0-87011-789-X.

Irvine, Gregory. (2000). The Japanese Sword: The Soul of the Samurai. V&A Publications, London.

Nagayama, Kokan. (1997) The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords. Kodansha International, 21. ISBN 4-7700-2071-6.

Neumann, George C. (1973). Swords and blades of the American Revolution. David & Charles, Newton Abbott, UK.

Reibold, M.; Paufler, P.; Levin, A. A.; Kochmann, W.; Pätzke, M. & D. C. Meyer. November 2006. Carbon Nanotubules in an Ancient Damascus Sabre. Nature.

Stone, George Cameron. (1999) A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, and Use of Arms and Armor in All Countries in All Times.Dover Publications, Mineola, NY. ISBN 0-486-40726-8

Sukhanov, I.P. (2004) Masterpieces and rarities of Edged Weaponry From the Funds of St. Petersburg Museums, Art Manufacturers and Private Collections.

Weygers, Alexander G. (1997) The Complete Modern Blacksmith. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, CA.

Y. al-Hassan, Ahmad, and Hill, Donald R. Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Lighting Devices

Thuro, Catherine. (1976). Oil lamps: The kerosene era in North America. Collector Books, A Division of Schroeder Publishing Co., Inc., Paducah, KY. IS.

Loggers and Timber Harvesting (Lumbering)
We also suggest you check under sawyers and the special topics bibliography on the Mast Trade for more citations involving lumbering.

Andrews, Ralph Warren. (date unknown). This was logging. Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ.

Andrews, Ralph Warren. (1956). Glory days of logging. Bonanza Books, NY, NY. IS.

Andrews, Ralph Warren. (1968). Timber: Toil and trouble in the big woods. Bonanza Books, NY, NY. IS.

Blodgett, Wentworth P. (March 1964). Thoroughshot and boom auger. The Chronicle. 17(1). pg. 9. IS.

Bryant, Ralph Clement. (1913). Logging: The principles and general methods of operation in the United States. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY. IS.

Candee, Richard M. (1969 - 1970). Merchant and millwright: The water-powered sawmills of the Piscatauqua. Old-Time New England. 60. pg. 131 - 149.

Butterworth, Dale and Whalen, Tom. (2007). From logs to lumber: A history of people & rule making in New England. Self-published. IS.

Delson, Barnet. (September 1968). Colonial felling axes. The Chronicle. 21(3). pg. 37-38. IS.

Foley, V. and Moyer, R.H. (June 1977). The American axe. Was it better? CEAIA. 30. pg. 28-32.

Forman, Benno M. (1969 - 1970). Mill sawing in seventeenth century Massachusetts. Old-Time New England. 60. pg. 110 - 130.

Georgia-Pacific. (1974). Special edition for the American bicentennial: Forest products industry museums, displays and exhibits in the United States. Georgia-Pacific, Portland, OR. IS.

Hamilton, Edward P. (1964). The village mill in early New England. Old Sturbridge Village Booklet Series, Old Sturbridge, Inc., Sturbridge, CT.

Heavrin, Charles A. (September 1982). The felling axe in America. CEAIA. 35. pg. 43-53.

Hempstead, Alfred Geer. (1975). The Penobscot boom and the development of the West Branch of the Penobscot River for log driving 1825 - 1931. Down East, Camden, ME. IS(2).

Henry Disston & Sons, Inc. (1902). Handbook for lumbermen with a treatise on the construction of saws and how to keep them in order. The Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ. Reprinted in 1994. IS.

Holbrook, Stewart H. (1961). Yankee loggers: A recollection of woodsmen, cooks, and river drivers. International Paper Company, NY, NY. IS.

Holbrook, Stewart H. (1962). The American lumberjack. Collier Books, NY, NY. IS.

Hughson, John W. and Bond, Courtney, C.J. (1965). Hurling down the pine: The story of the Wright, Gilmour and Hughson families, timber and lumber manufacturers in the Hull and Ottawa region and on the Gatineau River, 1800-1920. The Historical Society of the Gatineau, Old Chelsea, Quebec, Canada.

Penn, Theodore Z. and Parks, Roger. (1975). The Nichols-Colby sawmill in Bow, New Hampshire. IA, Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 1. pg. 1-12.

Peterson, Charles E. (1975). Early lumbering: A pictorial essay. In: Hindle, Brooke, Ed. America's wooden age: Aspects of its early technology. Sleepy Hollow Restorations, Tarrytown, NY. IS.

Poirer, Noel. (June 2001). The colonial timberyards in America. The Chronicle. 54(2). pg. 54-59. IS.

Rivard, Paul E. (1990). Maine sawmills: A history. Maine State Museum, Augusta, ME. IS.

Smith, David C. (1972). A history of lumbering in Maine 1861-1960. Maine Studies No. 93. University of Maine Press, Orono, ME. W.

Smith, Joseph Coburn. (December 1972, June 1973, September 1973). The Maine woodsmen. The Chronicle. In: Pollak, Emil and Pollak, Martyl, Eds. (1991). Selections from The Chronicle: The fascinating world of early tools and trades. The Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ. IS.

Wood, Richard G. (1935). A history of lumbering in Maine, 1820-1861. University Press [of Maine], Orono, ME. Reprinted on April 10, 1961 in The Maine Bulletin, Maine Studies No. 33. IS.

• We have excerpted so many quotes from this book that we have placed them into two information files: lumbering in Maine and potash.

Battison, Edwin A. (1966). Eli Whitney and the milling machine. Smithsonian Journal of History. 1. pg. 9-34.

Battison, Edwin A. (October 1973). The cover design: A new look at the 'Whitney' milling machine. Technology and Culture. 14(4). pg. 592-598.

Burlingame, Luther D. (August 6, 1914). Pioneer steps toward the attainment of accuracy. American Machinist. 41. pg. 237 - 243.

Cope, Kenneth L. (1993). American machinist's tools: An illustrated directory of patents. Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ. IS.

Cope, Kenneth L. (1994). Makers of American machinist's tools: A historical directory of makers and their tools. Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ. IS.

• The classic period of American machinists' tools.
• A most useful and essential reference.

• These two volumes constitute a comprehensive survey of machinist toolmakers.

Foley, Vernard. (July 1983). Leonardo, the wheel lock, and the milling process. Technology and Culture. 24. pg. 399-427.

Gordon, Robert B. (1991). Machine archeology: The John Gage planer. IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 17(2). pg. 3-14.

Greenfield Tap & Die. (1969). Facts about taps & tapping. Greenfield Tap & Die, Greenfield, MA. IS.

Holtzapffel, Charles and Holtzapffel, John Jacob. (1846-1847). Turning and mechanical manipulation. 5 vols. Holtzapffel & Co., London.

• See annotations in the European Precedents and the Early Industrial Revolution bibliography.

Kearney & Trecker Corp. (1957). Milling practice series: Book two: The milling machine and its attachments. Kearney & Trecker Corp., Milwaukee, WI. IS.

Kennametal Inc. (1965). Kennametal tool application handbook. No. 9. Latrobe, PA. IS.

Lukin, James. (n.d.). Turning lathes: A guide to turning, screw cutting, metal spinning & ornamental turning. Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ. W.

Roe, Joseph Wickham. (1916). English and American tool builders: The men who created machine tools. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. Reprinted in 1987 by Lindsay Publications, Bradley, IL. W.

Rose, Joshua. (1887-1888). Modern machine-shop practice. 2 vols. C. Scribner's Sons, NY, NY.

South Bend Lathe Works. (1958). How to run a lathe: Revised edition 55: The care and operation of a screw-cutting lathe. South Bend Lathe Works, South Bend, IN. IS.

Sparey, Lawrence H. (undated). The amateur's lathe. Pitman Publishing Corporation, London. IS.

L.S. Starret Company. (1968). The Starret Book for Student Machinists. L.S. Starret Company, Athol, MA. IS.

Turner, Frederick W. (1941). Machine shop work: A comprehensive treatise on approved shop methods including construction and use of tools and machines, details of their efficient operation and a discussion of modern production methods. American Technical Society, Chicago, IL. IS.

Turner, Gerard L’e. (2000). Elizabethan instrument makers. The origins of the London trade in precision instrument making. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Wagener, Albert M. and Arthur, Harlan R. (1941). Machine shop theory and practice. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., NY, NY. IS.

Woodbury, Robert S. (1958). History of the gear-cutting machine; a historical study in geometry and machines. Technology Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. W.

Woodbury, Robert S. (1960). History of the milling machine; a study in technical development. Technology Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. W.

Woodbury, Robert S. (1961). History of the lathe to 1850: A study in the growth of a technical element of an industrial economy. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA. W.

Woodbury, Robert S. (1972). Studies in the history of machine tools. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA. W.

Measuring and Drafting Tools

Aiken, Ken. (Fall 2000). From gauges to scales. Fine Tool Journal. 50(2). pg. 6-9. IS.

Butterworth, Dale and Blanchard, Clarence. (Fall 2005). Central Maine log rule makers and their rules. The Fine Tool Journal. pg. 11-14. IS.

Cajori, Florian. (1910). A history of the logarithmic slide rule. Reprinted by the Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ.

Cannon, Phil. (Fall 2001). Features of some 19th century carpenter rules. The Fine Tool Journal. 51(2). pg. 9. IS.

Eugene Dietzgen Co. (no date). Use and care of drawing instruments with instructive exercises. Eugene Dietzgen Co., Chicago, IL. IS.

Gordon, Robert B. (1988). Gaging, measurement and the control of artificer's work in manufacturing. Polhem. 6. pg. 159-172. W.

Gordon, Robert B. (1997). Who turned the mechanical ideal into mechanical reality? In: Cutcliffe, Stephen H. and Reynolds, Terry S., Eds. Technology & American history: A historical anthology from Technology & Culture. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. IS.

• "Reliable scales or rules were not available to American artificers before 1850, when J. R. Brown made a linear dividing engine suitable for graduating steel rules for shop use.  In 1851 Brown began manufacture of a vernier caliper that made it possible for mechanical artificers to measure to 0.001 inch.  But manufacture of the micrometer caliper, the instrument most useful in precision shop work, began in America only in 1868." (pg. 157).

Hambly, Maya. (1988). Drawing instruments: 1580-1980. Sotheby's Publications, London. IS.

Hodgson, Fred T. (1890). Steel squares and their uses. Industrial Publication Co., NY, NY.

• Available as a loan from the E.A.I.A. Library.

Hoppus, E. (1820). Hoppus's tables for measuring or practical measuring made easy, by a new set of tables: Which shew at sight the solid content of any piece of timber, stone, &c. either square, round, or unequal-sided, and the value at any price per foot cube; also, the superficial content of boards, glass, painting, plastering, &c. with copious explanations of the uses and applications of the tables. Contrived to answer all the occasions of gentlemen and artificers, the contents being given in feet, inches, and twelfth parts of an inch. With some very curious observations concerning measuring of timber by several dimensions. 17th Edition. London. IS.

International Correspondence Schools. (1921). How to use the steel square. David McKay Company, Philadelphia, PA. IS.

Kebabian, Paul B. (June 1988). The English carpenter's rule: Notes on its origin. The Chronicle. 41(2). pg. 24-27. IS.

Kisch, Bruno. (1965). Scales and weights: A historical outline. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. IS.

McConnell, Don. (Fall 2005). The Carpenter's rule in London: 1537-1602. The Fine Tool Journal. pg. 7-10. IS.

More, Richard. (1602). The carpenter’s rule. Felix Kingston, London, UK.

Rabone, John & Sons. (1880). The carpenter's slide rule: Its history and use. Third Edition. Reprinted in 1982 by Ken Roberts Publishing Co., Fitzwilliam, NH. IS.

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