Native Americans in Maine
Other Contemporary Publications and Journal Articles

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Also, check our Natvie American Special Topics bibliography.  Many citations specific to shell middens, the great pandemic and petroglyphs are listed there.

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Abbe Museum. (1978). The first fifty years of the Robert Abbe Museum of Stone Age Antiquities and a look ahead. Bulletin XI, The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME.

• Out of print.

Adams, Robert McC., (1974). Anthropological perspectives on ancient trade. Current Anthropology. 15(3). pg. 239-258.

Adams, William Y., VanGerven, Dennis P. and Levy, Richard S. (1978). The retreat from migrationism. Annual Review of Anthropology. 7. pg. 483-532. X.

Adney, E. Tappan, and Chapelle, Howard I. (1964). The Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Adovasio, J.M. (1977) Basketry Technology: A Guide to Identification and Analysis. Aldine, Chicago, IL.

Andrews, J. Clinton. (1986). Indian fish and fishing off coastal Massachusetts. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society. 47(2). pg. 42-46.

Apess, William. (1836). On our own ground: The complete writings of William Apess, a Pequot. Reprinted in 1992, O’Connell, Barry, Ed. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA.

Appleton, Leroy H. (1950). American Indian designs and decoration with over 700 illustrations. Dover, NY, NY. IS.

Aubery, Father Joseph. (c. 1715). French Abenaki dictionary. From the manuscript of Father Joseph O'Brien which was hand copied from the translation by Stephen Laurent, Maine Historical Society, Portland, ME, 1995.

• This is the only printed version of this important dictionary.  This work was originally compiled by Father Aubery at St. Francis in 1715, making it the earliest dictionary of the Abenaki dialect recorded.  Fannie Hardy Eckstorm (1941) said of Aubery that he "knew perfectly the Abenaki dialect" and characterized this work (only in manuscript form at the time) as "the most scholarly Jesuit compilation the present writer [Eckstorm] knows" (Morey, 2005, pg. 127).

Axtell, James. (1979). Ethnohistory: An historian's viewpoint. Ethnohistory. 26(1). pg. 1-13.

Axtell, James. (1981). The European and the Indian: Essays in the ethnohistory of colonial North America. Oxford University Press, NY, NY.

Bailey, A.G. (1937). The conflict of European and Eastern Algonkian cultures, 1504 - 1700. New Brunswick Museum, St. John, Canada.

Barber, R.J. (1982). The Wheeler's Site: A specialized shellfish processing station on the Merrimack River. Peabody Museum Monograph. 7. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Barbian, Lenore T. and Magennis, Ann L. (1994). Variability in late archaic human burials at Turner Farm, Maine. Northeast Anthropology. 47. pg. 1-19.

Barkham, Selma. (1978). The Basques: Filling a gap in our history between Jacques Cartier and Champlain. Canadian Geographical Journal. 96. pg. 8-19. X.

Bartone, Robert N., Quinn, Catherine A., Petersen, James B., and Cowie, Ellen R. (1992) An Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Fort Halifax Project (FERC No. 2552) Kennebec County, Maine. University of Maine at Farmington Archaeology Research Center. Submitted to Central Maine Power Company, Augusta. Farmington, ME.

Baxter, Rev. Joseph. (1867). Journal of several visits to the Indians on the Kennebec River; 1717. David Clapp & Son, Boston, MA.

Becker, Marshall J. (2002) A Wampum Belt Chronology: Origins to Modern Times. Northeast Anthropology  63. pg. 49-70.

Belcher, William R. (1989). The archaeology of the Knox Site, East Penobscot Bay, Maine. Maine Archaeology Society Bulletin. 29(1). pg. 33-46.

Belcher, William R. (Fall 1989). Prehistoric fish exploitation in East Penobscot Bay, Maine: The Knox site and sea-level rise. Archaeology of Eastern North America. 17. pg. 175-191.

Belcher, William R., Sanger, David and Cox, Bruce J. (1994). The Bradley Cemetery: A Moorehead burial tradition site in Maine. Canadian Journal of Archaeology. 18. pg. 3 - 38.

Bendremer, Jeffrey and Dewer, Robert. (1994) The Advent of Prehistoric Maize in New England. Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World. Edited by Johanessen and Hasforf, Christine. Westview Press, Minneapolis, MN.

Benes, Peter, Ed. (1991). Algonkians of New England: Past and present. The Dublin Seminar for New England Folklife Annual Proceedings 1991. Boston University, Boston, MA.

Bennett, M.K. (October 1955). The food economy of the New England Indians, 1605-1675. Journal of Political Economy. 63(5). pg. 369-397.

• Concludes that maize made up 65% of the diet of Native (southern?) New Englanders.

Bennett, Randall H. (Summer 1978). New England's last Indian raid. The New-England Galaxy. pg. 45-54.

Bierhorst, John, Ed. (1987). In the trail of the wind: American Indian poems and ritual orations. A Sunburst Book, Michael Di Capua Books, Farrar, Straus and Giroux. IS.

Binford, Lewis R. (1972). Willow smoke and dogs' tails: Hunter-gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation. American Antiquity. 45(1). pg. 4-20.

Bishop, Carl Whiting, Abbot, Charles Greeley and Hrdlicka, Ales. (1930). Man from the farthest past. In: Abbot, Charles Greeley, Ed. Smithsonian Scientific Series: Volume 7. Smithsonian Institution Series, Inc., NY, NY. IS.

Black, David W. and Whitehead, Ruth Holmes. (1988). Prehistoric shellfish preservation and storage on the northeast coast. North American Archaeologist. 9(1). pg. 17-30. X.

• "The building of substantial structures for drying and smoking shellfish would have been an unnecessary and therefore unlikely expenditure of energy unless other, bulkier types of meat or fish were to be preserved at the same time.  Shellfish could have been sun-dried rapidly by shucking them and spreading the shucked meat on birch-bark sheets in the sun.  For smoking, stringing small pieces of meat such as shellfish on spruce roots and hanging them over a fire, either outside our inside the wigwam, would have been the most efficient method of preservation and storage (see Willoughby, 1935:211-212 for a discussion and ethnographic substantiation of these points).  None of these methods would necessarily leave discernible archaeological traces except for the deposits of shucked shells themselves." (pg. 24-25).

Blustain, Malinda S., Levesque, Margaret A., and Robinson, Brian S. (1999) Two Fossilized Late Archaic Textiles from Maine: Pyrite Pseudomorphs from the Hartford Cemetery Site.  Archaeology of Eastern North America. 27, pg. 185-196.

Bond, C. Lawrence. (2004). Native names of New England towns and villages: Translating 211 names derived from Native American words. Third Edition. Alan B. Bond, PO Box 67, Rochester, VT 05767.

Borns, Harold W. Jr. (October 1972 and January 1973). Possible Paleo-Indian migration routes in northeastern North America - a geological approach. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 34(1-2). pg. 55-59.

Borstel, Christopher. (1982). Archaeological excavation at the Young Site, Alton, Maine. Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, ME.

Bourque, Bruce J. (1971). Possible Paleo-Indian migration routes in northeast North America. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 11(1). pg. 1-3.

Bourque, Bruce J. (1973). Aboriginal settlement and subsistence on the Maine Coast. Man in the Northeast. 6. pg. 3-20. IS.

• "Faunal samples from three multicomponent coastal sites, dating ca. A.D. 200-A.D. 1150, indicate that all components represent late winter-early spring occupations.  There is no evidence for summer coastal occupation." (pg. 3).
• "Historic sources indicate that by ca. A.D. 1550 aboriginal populations exploited interior resources during late winter and early spring and coastal ones during late spring and summer.  Possible explanations of this change in settlement systems include prehistoric climatic change and early European trade influences." (pg. 3).

Bourque, Bruce J. (1975). Comments on the late archaic populations of central Maine: The view from the Turner farm. Arctic Anthropology. XII(2). pg. 35-45. IS.

• "By 4500 B.P. a relatively large population exploiting marine and riverine resources, with special emphasis upon maritime hunting, was established.  This population had close cognates as far north as Newfoundland." (pg. 35).
• "After c. 3700 B.P. a distinctly different archaeological pattern suddenly appears in western and central Maine.  The technology and mortuary ceremonialism of this group are derived from the Susquehanna tradition and apparently replace earlier native patterns." (pg. 35).

Bourque, Bruce J. (1976). The Turner farm site: A preliminary report. Man in the Northeast. 11. pg. 21-30. IS.

Bourque, Bruce J. (1977). Fishing in the Gulf of Maine: A 5,000 Year History. In The Gulf of Maine. Ed. by G. Lawless. Blackberry Press, Brunswick, ME.

Bourque, Bruce J. (1992). Excavations at Cobbosseecontee Dam South. Bulletin of the Maine Archaeological Society. 32(2). pg. 15-29. IS.

Bourque, Bruce J. (1992). Prehistory of the central Maine coast. Garland Pub., NY. IS.

• A typographical catastrophe, this important report has been supplemented by Bourque's more important Diversity and Complexity in Prehistoric Maritime Society: A Gulf of Maine Perspective in 2001.  Bourque remains, despite differences of opinion on the French versions of Maine's ethnohistory at the time of coastal settlement, the most important and comprehensive source of information about the ethnohistory of the maritime peninsula.
• Contains Bourque's initial description of the Susquehanna tradition as it applies to the archaeology of Maine; the Susquehanna being the non-maritime and anomalous culture which followed the maritime archaic.

Bourque, Bruce J. (1994). Evidence for Prehistoric Exchange on the Maritimes Peninsula. In Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America. Plenum Press, NY.

Bourque, Bruce J. and Krueger, Harold W. (1991). Dietary reconstruction of prehistoric maritime peoples of northeastern North America: Faunal vs. stable isotopic approaches. Paper presented at the 24th annual meeting of the Canadian Archaeological Association, St. John's Newfoundland, Canada.

• This illustrates one of the ironies of the study of the history of Maine: the new technology of isotopic (bone, etc.) analyses for the evaluation of the diets of prehistoric Native Americans is enthusiastically embraced by Maine archaeologists while at the same time isotopic analysis of the radiological footprint of the Maine Yankee Atomic Power Company is strictly prohibited.

Bourque, Bruce J. and Krueger, Harold W. (1994). Dietary reconstruction from human bone isotopes for five coastal New England populations. In: Paleonutrition: The diet and health of prehistoric Americans. Sobolik, Kristen D., Ed., Southern Illinois University Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper No. 22. pg. 195-209.

Bourque, Bruce J., Morris, Kenneth, and Spiess, Arthur. (1978). Determining the season of death of teeth from archaeological sites: A new sectioning technique. Science. 199. pg. 530-531.

Boyd, Stephen G. (1885). Indian local names with their interpretation. Published by the author, York, PA.

• Defines the word "muskingum" as elk's eyes or deer eyes.
• Donahue, in The Kingdom in Montville, Maine, has this comment about the word muskingum: "town records as far back as 1807 refer to the area as Muskingum.  Local legend has it that some of the early settlers were from Ireland (hence the name of the New Ireland Road) who had spent time along the Muskingum river in southeastern Ohio.  Their pronunciation of the name was interpreted by other locals as 'Moose Kingdom' - later shortened to the Kingdom" (pg. 2).
• It is unlikely that Irish immigrants first moved to Ohio in 1800 and then returned to settle Montville by 1807.  Muskingum is instead one among many surviving Indian place names.

Bradley, James W. (1987). Native Exchange and European trade: Cross-cultural dynamics in the sixteenth century. Man in the Northeast. 33. pg. 31-46. X.

• "These 13 sites... fall into two rather amorphous clusters, one that includes the Taunton drainage and Buzzards Bay, the other on the outer Cape Cod.  These clusters roughly coincide with the seventeenth-century Wampanoag and Nauset subgroups.  Second, not only is there no pattern of village movement, virtually no village sites are known.  Nearly half of these locations are burials.  The rest are midden, or refuse deposits, in which small quantities of European material have been recovered.  It should be noted that the quantities of European materials from most of these sites are very small.  To sum up, the protohistoric period along the southern New England coast is, archaeologically speaking, almost invisible." (pg. 35).
• "Contrary to much of the existing literature (Willoughby 1935:273; Salwen 1978:166; Snow 1980:29-30), marine shell beads are a rare occurrence on Late Woodland and sixteenth-century Pokanoket sites. ...widespread usage does not occur until the intensification of contact and trade early in the seventeenth century. ...For the Pokanoket, the making an using of 'wampum' (in either discoidal or tubular form) was a seventeenth-century phenomenon." (pg. 41).
• "The one exception to this pattern of profound localism is that the Pokanoket may have been involved in an exchange network that brought native copper down the coast from Nova Scotia.  This network appears to have operated during the Middle and Late Woodland periods and may have continued until the early seventeenth century." (pg. 41).
• "...the system of exchange and trade that operated in the Northeast was far more complex, dynamic, and interactive than is generally realized." (pg. 42).

Bradley, James W. (1998). Origins and ancestors: Investigating New England's Paleo Indians. Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology, Andover, MA. IS.

Brain, Jeffrey P. (2003) The Popham Colony: An Historical and Archaeological Brief. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin 43 (1). pg. 1-28.

Brandon, William. (1973). The last Americans: The Indian in American culture. McGraw-Hill, NY, NY.

Brasser, T.J. (1974). Riding on the frontier's crest: Mahican Indian culture and culture change. National Museum of Man Ethnology Division Mercury Series. 13. Ottawa, Canada.

• This contains information pertinent to the study of Maine's Indian population.

Braun, David P. (1974). Explanatory models for the evolution of coastal adaptation in prehistoric eastern New England. American Antiquity. 39(4). pg. 582-596.

Brennan, Louis A. (January 1979). Coastal adaptation in prehistoric New England. American Antiquity. 41(1). pg. 112-113.

Brose, David S., Brown, James A. and Penney, David W. (1985). Ancient art of the American Woodland Indians. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers in association with the Detroit Institute of Arts. IS.

Bruce, Walter G. (1965). Long Cove, a Maine shell-deposit site. Massachusetts Archaeological Society Bulletin 27:1. pg. 8-12.

Burns, Robert L. (1971). Mid-coast Washington county. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin 11. pg. 1-5.

Burrage, Henry S. (1899). The Plymouth colonists of Maine. Transcript. Maine Historical Society, ME.

• These quotes are from a transcript of a Nov. 16, 1899 Maine Historical Society meeting.
• "By the supplies received from the fishing vessels at and near Damariscove the Pilgrims were enabled to subsist, though most frugally, until the welcome time of harvest arrived. But the corn they then obtained did not furnish the colonists with a full year's supply, and there would have been hunger in their log-cabins, if they had not obtained subsistence from the neighboring Indians." (pg. 7).
• "The boat in which the corn was carried for this venture was one of two which the carpenter of the Pilgrims had built during the preceding year. 'They had a little deck over her midships to keepe ye corne drie,' says Bradford, 'but ye men were faine to stand it out all weathers without shelter; and ye time of ye year begins to growe tempestuous.' Mr. Edward Winslow was in charge of this Kennebec venture. Proceeding up the river, he found the Indians exceedingly well disposed, and had no difficulty in exchanging his store of corn for beaver, of which he obtained seven hundred pounds. When Winslow at length dropped down the river on his return homeward, he had laid the foundations of an exceedingly profitable trade, and he made his way back to Plymouth with high hopes that from this trade the colony would be able to discharge ere long its financial obligations in London. These hopes were not doomed to dissappointment. The sight of the beaver, as Winslow and his boat's crew landed at Plymouth the proceeds of this Kennebec venture, was one with which the Pilgrims became more and more familiar as the years went by." (pg. 9).
• "After they had thus firmly established themselves on the Kennebec, Bradford and his associates came into possession of a trading house on the Penobscot. In 1629, some of the English merchant adventurers, who were interested in the Pilgrim enterprise, entered into business relations with one Edward Ashley and furnished him with goods for trading purposes." (pg. 17).
• "According to Bradford, between November, 1631, and June, 24, 1636, the Pilgrims sent to England 12,530 pounds of beaver, the most of which was obtained from the Indians on the Kennebec. It was from the sale of this beaver in a great measure that they were able at length to extricate themselves from the financial difficulties in which they had become involved through their London agents. But their troubles at Penobscot were not ended. At the trading house there they suffered a still greater loss from the French in 1635. Chevalier Charles de Menou, or as he is usually styled D'Aulnay Charnisay, appeared one day in the harbor... His orders were to expel the English as far as Pemaquid." (pg. 23).

Butler, Eva L. and Hadlock, Wendell S. (1957). Uses of birch bark in the northeast. Bulletin VII, The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME. (out of print) IS. Butler, Eva L. and Hadlock, Wendell S. (1962). A preliminary survey of the Munsungan-Allagash waterways. Bulletin VIII, The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME.

• Available for purchase from the Abbe museum.

Butler, Eva L. and Hadlock, Wendell S. (1994). Dogs of the northeastern Woodland Indians. Bulletin XIII, The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME.

• Available for purchase from the Abbe museum.

Butler, Joyce. (1997). Spirits in the wood.

• Catalog of a 1997 exhibition on the traditional carving of ceremonial root clubs by the Wabanaki culture.

Byers, Douglas S. (1953). "Red paint tombs" in Maine. Massachusetts Archaeological Society Bulletin. 15(1). pg. 1-8.

Byers, Douglas S. (1962). New England and the Arctic. In: Prehistoric cultural relations between the Arctic and temperate zones of North America. Arctic Institute of North America, Technical Paper. 11. pg. 143-153.

Byers, Douglas S. (1979). The Nevin shellheap burials and observations. Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology. 9. Andover, MA.

Cahill, Robert Ellis. (date unknown). New Englands Viking and Indian Wars. Old Saltbox Publishing, 20 Locust Street, #202, Danvers, MA.

Callum, Kathleen E. (1994). The geoarcheology of the Nahanada site (16-90) Pemaquid Beach, Bristol, Maine. Master's thesis, University of Maine, Orono, ME.

Camp, H. (1975). Archaeological excavations at Pemaquid, Maine, 1965-1974. Maine State Museum, Augusta, ME. W.

Carlson, Richard G., Ed. (1987). Rooted like the ash trees: New England Indians and the land. Eagle Wing Press, Inc., Naugatuck, CT. IS.

Cassedy, Daniel and Webb, Paul. (1999). New data on the chronology of maize horticulture in eastern New York and southern New England. In: Hart, John P., Ed. Current northeast paleoethnobotany. New York State Museum Bulletin No. 494, Albany, NY. pg. 85 - 100.

Catlin, George. (1844). Letters and notes on the manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians. 2 vols. 3rd. ed. Wiley and Putnam, NY, NY. Reprinted 1913, Leary, Stuart, Philadelphia, PA under the title North American Indians.

Ceci, Lynn. (1975). Fish fertilizer: A Native North American practice?  Science. 188. pg. 26-30.

Ceci, Lynn. (1979). Maize cultivation in coastal New York: The archaeological, agronomical and documentary evidence. North American Archaeologist. 1(1). pg. 45-74.

Ceci, Lynn. (Spring 1990). Radiocarbon dating 'village' sites in coastal New York: Settlement pattern changes in the middle to late woodland. Man in the Northeast. 39. pg. 1-28. X.

• "The findings suggest that: (1) shifts in settlement pattern to multicomponent central-base camps, originally called 'villages,' first developed in coastal New York during the Middle to Late Woodland period; and (2) the change process correlates with new intensified subsistence strategies before maize horticulture or European contact, new forms of burial ceremonialism, and new production of shell bead-blanks for long-distance trade.  The project underscores the value of using old museum collections to address new theoretical questions." (pg. 1).
• "The traditional paradigm holds that sedentism increased in the Late Woodland (ca. A.D. 1000-1600) after maize or some maize-marine food combination improved subsistence so as to sustain large populations year round.  Archaeological maize, however, is scarce." (pg. 2).
• "'Indian maize' was in fact scarce enough in local townships in the seventeenth century to serve as colonial barter; drawn from inland and southern sources it was commonly traded to local Indians at double the price for colonists!  Thus, the archaeological, documentary, and agronomical evidence collectively offer no support for the traditional 'maize' explanation for prehistoric 'village' development in coastal New York, an anomaly noted earlier by Kroeber (1963: 147-148)." (pg. 2).
• A particularly relevant study with respect to occupation of coastal Maine, where increasingly centralized, sedentary settlement patterns were based on the exploitation of rich coastal marine resources and not on extensive maize production.

Cell, Gillian T. (1969). English enterprise in Newfoundland, 1577 - 1660. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.

Chandler, E. J. (1997). Ancient Sagadahoc: A narrative history. Conservatory of American Letters, Thomaston, ME. W.

• A story of the Englishmen who welcomed the Pilgrims to the New World.

Chadwick, Joseph. (1889). An account of a journey from Fort Pownal -- now Fort Point -- up the Penobscot River to Quebec, in 1764. Bangor Historical Magazine. 4. pg. 141-148.

Chase, Henry E. (1885). Notes on the Wampanoag Indians. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report (1883). Washington, DC. pg. 878-907.

Chase, Levi Badger. (1897). Early Indian trails. Worcester Society of Antiquity Collections. 14. pg. 105-126.

Christianson, D.J. (1979). The use of subsistence strategy descriptions in determining Wabanaki residence location. The Journal of Anthropology at McMaster. 5(1). pg. 81-124.

Church, Benjamin. (1865). The history of King Philip's War. Dexter, Henry M., Ed., Boston, MA.

Church, Benjamin. (1867). The history of the eastern expeditions of 1689, 1690, 1692, 1696, and 1704 against the Indians and French. B.K. Wiggin and W.P. Lunt, Boston, MA.

Cobblestone Publishing Inc. (November 1994). Indians of the northeast coast. Cobblestone: The History Magazine for Young People. 15(9). IS.

Coleman, Emma Lewis. (1925). New England captives carried to Canada between 1677 and 1760 during the French and Indian Wars. Southworth Press, 2 vols, Portland, ME.

Cole-Will, Rebecca, and Will, Richard (1996). A probable middle archaic cemetery: the Richmond-Castle site in Surry, Maine. Archaeology of Eastern North America, 24. pg. 95-148. W.

Congdon, Isabelle P. (1961). Indian tribes of Maine. The Brunswick Publishing Company, Brunswick, ME. W.

Conkling, P. (2005). Time capsules: The ecology of mid-coast Maine. In: One land - two worlds: A symposium to celebrate the 400th anniversary of George Waymouth's voyage to New England. Platt, D., Ed., Island Institue, Rockland, ME.

Coolidge, A.J. and Mansfield, J.B. (1860). History and description of New England: Maine. Austin J. Coolidge, 89 Court Street, Boston, MA.

• "Some of the old writers, as Charlevoix, Abbe Raynal, and La Hontan, as indeed some of the later ones, call all the natives east of the Piscataqua (except the Micmacs or Nova Scotia Indians) Abenaquies.  Gallatin, Williamson, and some others, make two great divisions -- Abnakis, and Etchemins or Etetchemins, i.e. 'canoe-men.'  Under the Abnakis are usually included the Sokokis, or Saco Indians; the Anasagunticooks, or Androscoggin tribe; the Wawenocs, who dwelt along the coast from Merry-meeting bay to the St. George's; and the Canibas, or Kenabes, who occupied the valley of the Kennebec, and who were again divided into the Norridgewocks, the Taconnets, about Waterville, and the Cushnocs, about Augusta." (pg. 20).
• "Under the Etchemins are generally reckoned the Tarratines, or Penobscots (which some writers are at a loss whether to class with the Abnakis or Etchemins), the Passamaquoddys, and the Marachites or St. John's tribe." (pg. 20-21).
• "Of all the tribes of Maine, the Penobscots and Passamaquoddys, who probably constitute half of the whole Indian population of New England, alone remain." (pg. 21).
• "...that the Anasagunticooks claimed dominion along the Androscoggin, from its sources to Merry-meeting bay -- that they took part in the ravages during Phillip's war at Pemaquid and along Casco bay -- that, in 1744, 160 warriors remained, in 1750, most of the tribe joined the St. Francis Indians, and, at the time of the Revolution, about forty might be found scattered among the islands and along the course of the river." (pg. 21).
• "...that the Wawenocs or Sheepscot Indians were the immediate subjects of the Great Bashaba, whose residence was near Pemaquid, and who was slain in the war with the Tarratines, the power of the tribe being then broken -- that, in 1747, but two or three families were left here, the remnant having gone to Canada." (pg. 21).
• "...that the Canibas, more usually called the Norridgewocks, because most of them resided here, were a brave, and yet docile people.  They tell us of the great success of the Jesuit missionaries among them, and especially of Gabriel Druillettes, who first came in 1646, of James Bigot in 1688, and of Sebastian Rasles from 1685 to 1724 [when Norridgewock was destroyed by the English]." (pg. 21).

Cooper, John M. (1938). Land tenure among the Indians of eastern and northern North America. Pennsylvania Archaeologist. 8. pg. 58-59.

Cooper, John M. (1939). Is the Algonquian family hunting ground system Pre-Columbian? American Anthropologist. N.S. XLI. pg. 66-90.

Cowie, Ellen R. and Petersen, James B. (1999). Native American ceramic manufacture at the Tracy Farm Site in the central Kennebec River Valley, Maine. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 39(2). pg. 1-42.

Cox, Steven L. (1987). Archaeological data recovery at site 61.20, Jonesport, Maine. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 27(2). pg. 16-35. X.

Cox, Steven L. (1991). Site 95.20 and the Vergennes phase in Maine. Archaeology of Eastern North America. 17(1-2). pg. 133-136.

Cox, Steven L., and Kopec, Diane (1988). An archaeological investigation of the Watson site, Frenchman Bay. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin 28(1). pg. 39-45. W.

Cox, Steven and Lawless, Gary. (1972). The Indian shell heap: Archaeology of the Ruth Moore site. Time's Web. William Morrow Co. Reprinted in 1994 by the Abbe Museum, Blackberry Books, Nobleboro, ME. IS.

Cox, Steven and Wilson, Deborah B. (1991). 4500 years on the lower Androscoggin: Archaeological investigation of the Rosie-Mugford site complex. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 31(1). pg. 15-40.

D'Abate, R. (2005). A nation above all others. In: One land - two worlds: A symposium to celebrate the 400th anniversary of George Waymouth's voyage to New England. Platt, D., Ed., Island Institue, Rockland, ME.

Davis, Mary. (1996). Encyclopedia of Native Americans in the Twentieth Century. Garland Publishing, NY, NY.

Davis, Ronald B., Bradstreet, T.E., Stuckenrath, R. and Borns, Harold W. (1975). Vegetation and associated environments during the past 14,000 years near Moulton Pond, Maine. Quaternary Research. 5(3). pg. 435-466. X.

Day, Gordon M. (1963). The tree nomenclature of the Saint Francis Indians. Contributions to Anthropology, 1960. Part II. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 190, Ottawa, Canada. pg. 37-48.

Day, Gordon M. (1965). The identity of the Sokokis. Ethnohistory. 12. pg. 237-249. IS.

• In William Williamson's History of the State of Maine, the Sokokis are identified as that tribe inhabiting the Saco River valley.  This error was perpetuated in Maine history books until Gordon Day correctly identified them as inhabitants of the Connecticut River Valley at Northfield, MA.  The correct identification for the Indians of the Saco River is Pequawkets.

Descarte, Rene M. (1974). The Cabot site: a Cermaic period occuptation on North Haven Island. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin 14(2). pg. 6-19.

Diamond, Sigmund. (April 1951). Norumbega: New England xanadu. The American Neptune. 11. pg. 95-107. IS.

• "In 1542, Jean Allefonsce, a French pilot, reported that he had coasted south from Newfoundland and had discovered a great river. 'The river is more than 40 leagues wide at its entrance and retains its width some thirty or forty leagues.  It is full of Islands, which stretch some ten or twelve leagues into the sea. ... Fifteen leagues within this river there is a town called Norombega, with clever inhabitants, who trade in furs of all sorts; the town folk are dressed in furs, wearing sable. ... The people use many words which sound like Latin.  They worship the sun.  They are tall and handsome in form.  The land of Norombega lie high and is well situated.' (DeCosta, 1890)" (pg. 99).

Dincauze, Dena. (1968). Cremation cemeteries in eastern Massachusetts. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. 59(1). Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Dincauze, Dena F. (1971). An archaic sequence for southern New England. American Antiquity. 36(2). pg. 194-198. Dincauze, Dena F. (1973). Prehistoric occupation of the Charles River estuary. Archaeological Society of Connecticut Bulletin. 38. pg. 25-39.

• This contains information pertinent to the study of Maine's Native Americans.
• The Davistown Museum has one interesting stone tool recovered from this estuary.

Dincauze, Dena F. (1975). The late archaic period in southern New England. Arctic Anthropology. XXI(2). pg. 23-34.

• "Comparisons are drawn within southern New England and, to the north, in Maine.  Consideration is given to the social functions of the burial ceremonialism.  The complexity of the social environments hypothesized for this period may partially explain the florescence of the cults." (pg. 23).
• "The Moorehead burial tradition contrasts strongly with the Susquehanna tradition burial modes.  This distinctiveness was apparent half a century ago, when Moorehead himself recognized the uniqueness of the Susquehanna feature at Eddington Bend (Moorehead 1922:141)." (pg. 32).

Dincauze, Dena. (1976). The Neville Site: 8,000 years at Amoskeag, Manchester, New Hampshire. Peabody Museum Monograph No. 4. Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Dincauze, Dena Ferran and Meyer, Judith W. (1977). Prehistoric resources of east-central New England: A preliminary predictive study. National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, DC.

Dincauze, Dena Ferran. (2000). Environmental archaeology: Principles and practice. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. MA.

Dixon, R.B. (1914). The early migrations of the Indians of New England and the Maritime Provinces. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. n.s. 24 pt. 1. Worcester, MA. pg. 65-76.

Dodge, Ernest S. (1957). Ethnology of northern New England and the Maritime Provinces. Massachusetts Archaeological Society Bulletin. 18. pg. 68-71.

Dow, Robert L. (1971). Some characteristics of Maine coastal kitchen middens. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 1. pg 6-14. W.

Doyle, Richard, Hamilton, Nathan D., and Petersen, James. (1982). Early woodland ceramics and associated perishable industries from southwestern Maine. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 22(2). pg. 4-21. W.

Drake, Samuel G. (1865). The history of the Indian Wars in New England from the first settlement to the termination of the war with King Philip in 1677. 2 vols. Roxbury, MA.

Drake, Samuel G. (1880). The aboriginal races of North America. 15th ed. rev., NY.

Drooker, Penelope Ballard, Ed. (2004). Perishables material culture in the northeast. New York State Museum Bulletin 500, Albany, NY.

Eaton, Cyrus. (1851). Annals of the town of Warren in Knox County, Maine with the early history of St. Georges, Broadbay and neighboring settlements on the Waldo Patent. Masters, Smith and Co., Hallowell.  Reprinted in 1887 by Masters & Livermore, Hallowell and in 1968.

• This book contains a large body of information about the history of Thomaston, St. George and Warren that is pertinent to the history of the early years of the Davistown Plantation, Montville and Liberty.  It also describes the Wawenoc Indians.  Most of the annotations are in our information file for Warren, but other annotations are in the Maine History: Antiquarian bibliography, Davistown Plantation bibliography and the information file Wreck of the Grand Design on Long Ledge, Mount Desert Island.
• 1744. "As the St. John's Indians were concerned in the attack upon Annapolis, it was feared that the other eastern Indians would be disposed also to join their old allies in a new effort against the English ; especially as all the Etechemin tribes, whose country extended from the Penobscot to the St. Johns, formed, by their own account, one and the same people. War was therefore declared against all the Indians east of the Passamaquoddy ; and those to the west of that river were forbidden to hold any intercourse with them." (pg. 71-72).
• "In 1804, according to the treasurer's book, the town [of Warren] first began to derive a small revenue from the oyster fishery ; although a law for protecting such fisheries, and allowing selectmen to impose conditions upon the taking of them by people of other places, had been passed as early as 1796.  In early times, oysters abounded in the lower part of the town, both in St. George's and Oyster rivers; and vessels from Portsmouth and other places, used to come, and carry off whole cargoes of them. After the passage of the above mentioned law, fewer vessels came for them.  They were already on the decline, either from saw-dust washed down from the mills, as some suppose, or from other causes not ascertained ; and they have now become so scarce that few take the trouble to search for them.  Small sums were occasionally paid into the treasury for these fish, till 1813." (pg. 279-280).

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. The Indian routes of Maine. Unpublished manuscript in the University of Maine Library, Orono, ME.

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. (1904). The Penobscot man. Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston, MA. Reprinted in 1924 by Jordan Frost Printing Co., Bangor, ME. IS.

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. (April 1913). Champlain's visit to Maine. Sprague's Journal of Maine History, 1(1). W.

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. (1919). The Indians of Maine. In: Hatch, Louis C., Ed. Maine: A history. 5 vols. Ameri. Hist. Soc., NY. pg. 43-64.

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. (1924). The Indian legends of Mount Katahdin. Appalachian Mountain Club, Boson, MA.

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. (1932). The handicrafts of the modern Indians of Maine. Lafayette National Park Museum Bulletin III. Jordan-Frost Printing Company, Bangor, ME. Reprinted 1980 and 1987 by The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME. IS.

• Available for purchase from the Abbe museum.

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. (1934). The attack on Norridgewock, 1724. New England Quarterly. 7. pg. 541-578. IS.

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. (1939). Maine maps of historical interest. University Press, Orono, ME.

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. (June 1939). Who was Paugus? New England Quarterly. 12(2). pg. 203-226. IS.

Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. (1941). Indian place-names of the Penobscot Valley and the Maine coast. Reprinted in 1960 and 1978 by University of Maine at Orono Press, Orono, ME. IS.

• No mention of Norumbega or Muskingum as place names in this text.

Eggan, Fred. (1967). Northern Woodland ethnology. In: The Philadelphia Anthropological Society -- Papers presented on its golden anniversary. Gruber, Jacob W., Ed. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.

Faulkner, Alaric. (1980). Identifying clay pipes from historic sites in Maine. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 20(1). pg. 17-49.

Faulkner, Alaric and Faulkner, Gretchen. (1987) The French at Pentagoet: An Archaeological Portrait of the Acadian Frontier. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology 5. Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, ME.

Favour, Edith. (1974). Indian games, toys, and pastimes of Maine and the Maritimes. Bulletin X, The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME.

Feder, Kenneth L. (1990). Late woodland occupation of the uplands of northwestern Connecticut. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society. 51(2). pg. 61-68.

Fernald, Peggy and Wellman, Alice N. (1970). Brief description of birch bark canoe building. Bulletin IX, The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME.

• Out of print.

Fitzhugh, William W. (1975). Symposium on Moorehead and Maritime Archaic problems in northeastern North America. Arctic Anthropology. 12. pg. 1-147.

Flannery, Regina. (1939). An analysis of coastal Algonquian culture. Washington, DC.

Foster, Charles H., Ed. (1975). Down East diary by Benjamin Browne Foster. University of Maine Press, Orono, ME.

Foster, John W. (1881). Pre-historic races of the United States of America. S.C. Griggs and Company, Chicago, IL. IS.

Fowler, William S. (1947-48). Stone eating utensils of prehistoric New England. American Antiquity. 13. pg. 146-163.

Fowler, Wm. S. (1963). Classification of stone implements of New England. Massachusetts Archaeological Society Bulletin. 24(1).

Fowler, Wm. S. (1966). Ceremonial and domestic products of aboriginal New England. Massachusetts Archaeological Society Bulletin. 27(3,4).

Gage, Mary and Gage, James (2004). The Manana Island Petroglyph. Maine Archaeology Society Bulletin. 44 (1). pg. 15 - 20. IS.

Gallatin, Albert. (1836). A synopsis of the Indian tribes within the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and in the British and Russian possessions in North America. American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, MA.

Ghere, David L. (1993). The "disappearance" of the Abenaki in western Maine: Political organization and ethnocentric assumptions. American Indian Quarterly. 17(2). pg. 193-207.

Ghere, David L. and Morrison, Alvin, H. (1996). Sanctions for slaughter: Peacetime violence on the Maine frontier, 1749-1772. Papers of the 27th Algonquin Conference. David H. Pentland, Ed. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. pg. 105-116.

Giles (Gyles), John. (1736). Memoirs of odd adventures, strange deliverances, etc. in the captivity of John Giles, Esq. written by himself. Boston, MA.

Glidden, Charles H. (1893). The legend of Wonalanset: A tale of the white hills. Newtowne Publishing Co., Boston, MA. IS.

Godfrey, John F. (1881). Norumbega. Collections of the Maine Historical Society. VII. pg. 331-332. W.

Gookin, Daniel. (1806). Historical collections of the Indians in New England. Massachusetts Historical Society Collections. First series. Reprinted in 1970 by Towtaid.

Gramly, R. Michael (1981). Eleven thousand years in Maine.Archaeology. 34(6). pg. 32-39.

Gramly, Richard Michael. (1982). The Vail site: A Paleo-Indian encampment in Maine. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, NY.

Gramly, Richard Michael. (1988). The Adkins site: A Paleo-Indian habitation and associated stone structure. Persimmon Press, Buffalo, NY.

Gramly, Richard Michael. (1990). Guide to the Paleo-Indian artifacts of North America. Persimmon Press, Buffalo, NY.

Gramly, R. Michael. (1995). Perspective on Maine archaeology. The Amateur Archaeologist. 1(2). pg. 39-45.

Gramly, R. Michael. (1995). A quartz crystal fluted point from Maine. The Amateur Archaeologist. 1(2). pg. 65-69.

Gramly, R. Michael, and Rutledge, Kerry. (1981). A new Paleo-Indian site in the state of Maine. American Antiquity. 46. pg. 354-360. W.

Grant, Bruce. (1994). Concise encyclopedia of the American Indian: Revised edition. Wings Books, NY, NY. IS.

Griffin, J.B. (1967). Eastern North American archaeology: A summary.  Science. 156(3772). pg. 175-191.

Grumet, Robert S., Ed. (1996). Northeastern Indian lives, 1632 - 1816. A volume in the series: Native Americans of the Northeast: Culture, history, and the contemporary, Calloway, Colin G. and O'Connell, Barry, Eds.  University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA.

Gyles, John. (1736). Memoirs of odd adventures, strange deliverances, &c. in the captivity of John Gyles, Esq; commander of the garrison on St. George's River. Written by himself. Printed and sold by S. Kneeland and T. Green, in Queen-Street, over against the prison., Boston, in N.E.

Gyles, John. (1875). Nine years a captive, or, John Gyles' experience among the Malicite Indians, from 1689 to 1698. With an introduction and historical notes by James Hannay, Daily Telegraph, Saint John, NB.

Hadlock, Wendell S. (1939). The Taft's Point shell mound at West Gouldsboro, Maine. Bulletin V, The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME.

• Out of print.

Hadlock, Wendell S. (1941). Observations concerning the "red paint culture". American Antiquity. 7(2). pg. 156-161. IS.

Hadlock, Wendell S. (1941). Three shell heaps on Frenchman's Bay. Bulletin VI, The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME. IS.

• Out of print.

Hadlock, Wendell S. (April 1943). Bone implements from shell heaps around Frenchman's Bay, Maine. American Antiquity. VII(4). Reprinted by Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME.

• See Hadlock's other publication on this topic (1941).

Hadlock, Wendell S. (1947). War among the northeastern Woodland Indians. American Anthropologist. 49(2). pg. 204-221.

• "The purpose of this paper is to present an account of the warfare of the period previous to the development of the fur trade and the struggle for supremacy between France and England." (pg. 204).
• "...the first Indians encountered on the St. Lawrence waterway [by Cartier] were agricultural people, later displaced by the hunting people who were in possession of the St. Lawrence at the time of Champlain." (pg. 208).

Hadlock, Wendell S. and Butler, Eva L. (1962). A preliminary survey of the Munsungan-Allegash waterways. Robert Abbe Museum Bulletin. 8. Bar Harbor, ME.

Hadlock, Wendell S. and Byers, Douglas S. (April 1956). Radio carbon dates from Ellsworth Falls, Maine. American Antiquity. 21(4). pg. 419-420.

Hadlock, Wendell S. and Stern, T. (1948). Passadumkeag, a red paint cemetery, thirty-five years after Moorehead. American Antiquity. 14. pg. 98-103. W.

Hamilton, Nathan D., Petersen, James B. and Doyle, Richard A., Jr. (1984). Aboriginal cultural resources of the greater Moosehead Lake region. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 24(1). pg. 1-45.

Harp, Elmer, Jr. and Hughes, David. (1968). Five prehistoric burials from Port au Choix, Newfoundland. Polar Notes. 8.

• This gives information on the most important Canadian Maritime archaic burial site.

Harvey, D.C. (2000). Asticou, sagamo of the Armouchiquois (Penobscots) on the frontiers of Acadia; fl. 1608–16. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34150&query=panounias.

Heckenberger, Michael J., Petersen, James B. and Sidell, Nancy Asch. (1992). Early evidence of maize horticulture in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont. Archaeology of Eastern North America. 20. pg. 125 - 149.

Hedden, Mark. (Spring 1987). Form of the cosmos in the body of the shaman. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 27. pg. ii-iv.

• Also see Hedden's extensive publications on petroglyphs in the Norumbega Reconsidered bibliography.

Hodge, Frederick, W., Ed. (1907-10). Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 30. 2 vols., Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Hoffman, B.G. (1955). The Souriquois, Etchemin and Kwedech: A lost chapter in American ethnography. Ethnohistory. 2(1). pg. 65-87.

Hoffman, Curtiss. (1989). Figure and ground: The late woodland village problem as seen from the uplands. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society. 50(1). pg. 24-28.

Holmes, G.K. (1907-1909). Aboriginal agriculture -- the American Indians. In: Bailey, L.H., Ed. Cyclopedia of American agriculture: A popular survey of agricultural conditions, practices, and ideals in the United States and Canada. NY, NY.

Hough, Franklin Benjamin. (1856). Papers relating to Pemaquid and parts adjacent in the present state of Maine, known as Cornwall county, when under the colony of New York. Compiled from official records in the office of the secretary of state at Albany, New York. Weed and Parson, Albany, NY.

Howes, William J. (1943). Aboriginal New England pottery. Massachusetts Archaeological Society Bulletin. 5(1). pg. 1-5.

Hubbard, Lucius L. (1884). Some Indian place-names in northern Maine. James R. Osgood and Company, Boston, MA.

Hubbard, John. (1852). Report of the Indian agent to the thirty-first legislature. S. No. 45. Augusta, ME.

Hubbard, William. (1801). A narrative of the Indian Wars in New England, ... 1607-1677. Greenleaf, Worcester, MA.

Huden, John Charles. (1962). Indian place names of New England. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, NY, NY.

• "Sagadahoc = Abnaki the outflowing of a swift stream as it meets the sea."

Jack, Edward. (1895). Malecite legends. Journal of American Folklore. 8(20). pg. 200.

Jennings, Jessie D. (1989). Prehistory of North America. Mayfield Publishing Co., Mountain View, CA.

Johnson, Clifton. (1897). An unredeemed captive. Griffith, Axtell & Cady Co., Holyoke, MA. IS.

• "Being the story of Eunice Williams, who, at the age of seven years, was carried away from Deerfield by the indians in the year 1704, and who lived among the Indians in Canada as one of them the rest of her life..."

Johnson, Samuel. (1847). Some account of an ancient settlement on Sheepscot River. Maine Historical Society Collections 2. Series 1. William van Norden, NY, NY. pg. 229-237. W.

Johnson, Steven F. (1995). Ninnuock [The People]: The Algonkian people of New England. Bliss Publishing Company, Inc., Marlborough, MA. IS.

Josephy, Alvin M. Jr. (1994). 500 nations: An illustrated history of North American Indians. Alfred A. Knopf, NY, NY.

• On the beginnings of the French and Indian Wars (1676): "From Massachusetts, the war spread to other parts of New England.  Along the Maine coast, the Saco, Wawenoc, Kennebec, Pigwacket, and Arosaguntacook Indians joined in the attacks against the whites." (pg. 215).

Karr, Ronald Dale, Ed. (1999). Indian New England 1524-1674: A compendium of eyewitness accounts of Native American life. Branch Line Press, Pepperell, MA.

Kellogg, Douglas. (1987). Statistical relevance and site locational data. American Antiquity. 52. pg. 143-150.

Kellogg, Douglas. (1994). Why did they choose to live here? Ceramic period settlement in the Boothbay, Maine region. Northeast Anthropology. 48. pg. 25-60.

Kellogg, Douglas. (1995). How has coastal erosion affected the prehistoric settlement pattern of the Boothbay region of Maine? Geoarchaeology. 10. pg. 65-83.

Kenyon, V.B. (1979). A new approach to the analysis of New England prehistoric pottery. Man in the Northeast. 18. pg. 81-84.

Kidder, Frederic. (1859). The Abnaki Indians: Their treaties of 1713 and 1717, and a vocabulary. Collections of the Maine Historical Society. Vol. VI. pg. 203-228.

• "The Wawenocks were located on the sea-coast, and inhabited the country from the Sheepscot to the St. George; they are quite fully described by Capt. John Smith, who had much intercourse with them.  From their situation on the rivers and harbors, they were much sooner disturbed by the settlements than any other of the tribes in Maine.  In 1747 there were but a few families remaining.   At the treaty at Falmouth, in 1749, they were associated with the Assagunticooks, among whom they were then settled, and with whom they soon after removed to Canada." (pg. 234).

Kingsbury, Isaac W. and Hadlock, Wendell S. (1951). An early occupation site, Eastport, Maine. Massachusetts Archaeological Society Bulletin. XII(2). pg. 22-26.

Kopec, Diane. (1985). The Eddie Brown collection of the West Grand Lake Area, Maine. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 25(2). pg. 35-45.

Kopec, Diane. (1987). The Abbe Museum's Frenchman Bay survey: A historic perspective. The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME. IS.

• Available for purchase from the Abbe Museum.

Kroeber, Alfred L. (1939). Cultural and natural areas of Native North America. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Kupperman, Karen. (1980). Were the Indians alien? In: Settling with the Indians: The meeting of English and Indian cultures in America, 1580-1640. Rowman and Littlefield, Totowa, NJ.

Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. (2000). Indians and English: Facing off in early America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. IS.

Lahti, Eric et. al. (1981). Test excavations at the Hodgdon site. Man in the Northeast. 22. pg. 19-36.

• "Site is adjacent to the Embden petroglyphs on the Kennebec River, Maine." (Ray, The Indians of Maine, pg. 2).

Lafarge, Oliver. (1956). A pictorial history of the American Indian. Crown Publishers, Inc., NY, NY. IS.

Lauber, Almon Wheeler. (1913). Indian slavery in colonial times within the present limits of the United States. IN: Studies in history, economics, and public law. Vol. 54, no. 3, whole no. 134. Columbia University, NY, NY.

Laurent, Joseph. (1884). New familiar Abenakis and English dialogues: The first ever published on the grammatical system. Québec, Canada.

Leacock, Eleanor B. (1954). The Montagnais "hunting territory" and the fur trade. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association. 56(5). Part 2. Memoir No. 78. X.

Leacock, Eleanor B. and Lurie, Nancy O., Eds. (1971). North American Indians in historical perspective. Random House, NY, NY.

Leadbeater, Helen M. (1978). Iriquoianesque pottery at Pequawket. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 18(1). pg. 25-41.

Leger, Mary C. (1929). The Catholic Indian missions of Maine, 1611-1820. Studies in American Church History, Washington, DC.

Leland, Charles G. (1894). The Algonquin legends of New England; or, myths and folklore of the Micmac, Passamaquoddy, and Penobscot tribes. Houghton, Mifflin and Co., Boston, MA.

Lenhart, John. (1916). The Capuchins in Acadia and northern Maine (1632-1655). Records of the American Catholic Historical Society. 28(3). pg. 191-229, 300-327.

LeSourd, Philip S. (1986). Kolusuwakonol: Peskotomuhkati-wolastoqewi naka Ikolisomani latuwewakon = Philip S. LeSourd's English and Passamaquoddy-Maliseet dictionary. Robert M. Leavitt and David A. Francis Eds. Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Bilingual Program, Perry, ME.

LeSourd, Philip S. (2007). Tales from Maliseet Country: The Maliseet texts of Karl V. Teeter (Studies in the Anthropology of North America). University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.

Levine, Mary Ann, Sassaman, Kenneth E. and Nassaney, Michael S. Eds. (1999). The archaeological northeast. Bergin & Garvey, Westport, CT.

Lorne Masta, Henry. (1932). Abenaki Indian legends: Grammar and place names. La Voiz des Bois-Francs, Victoriaville, PQ.

Luedtke, Barbara. (1988). Where are the late woodland villages in eastern Massachusetts? Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society. 49(2). pg. 58-65. IS.

• "In the Midwest, as elsewhere in the New World, there seems to have been a long transition period during which cultigens slowly became incorporated into the diet, and then a radical transformation of diet and economy, after which people relied on cultigens for a significant proportion of their food.  New Englanders, living in a region at the very northern limits of maize agriculture, should be expected to have been especially cautious in switching over to reliance on cultigens." (pg. 59).
• "...the earliest date for New England is still that associated with a corn kernel from the Hornblower II site on Martha's Vineyard: A.D. 1160+ 80 (Ritchie 1969:52)." (pg. 59).
• "On balance, I see no evidence for reliance on farming before the Late Woodland in eastern Massachusetts, but some evidence that it may have been established by A.D. 1300." (pg. 60).

MacDonald, George F. (1968). Debert: A Palaeo-Indian site in central Nova Scotia. Anthropology Papers No. 16. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

Maine Historical Society Library. (1969). The Indians of Maine, preliminary inventory of material. Maine Historical Society, Portland, ME.

Maine Writers Research Club. (1952). Maine Indians in history and legend. Severn-Wylie-Jewett Co., Portland, ME.

Malone, Patrick M. (1991). The skulking way of war: Technology and tactics among the New England Indians. Madison Books, MD.

Martin, Calvin. (1975). Four lives of a Micmac copper pot. Ethnohistory. 22(2). pg. 111-133. Martin, Calvin. (1978). Keepers of the game: Indian-animal relationships and the fur trade. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

• "Impact of European diseases, Christianity and technology (brass pots, guns, traps)... Martin's interpretations are highly controversial and have been challenged by other scholars." (Ray, The Indians of Maine, pg. 19).

Martin, Susan R. (1999).Wonderful Power: The Story of Ancient Copper Working in the Lake Superior Basin.  Wayne State University Press, Detroit, MI.

McBride, Bunny. (1995). Molly Spotted Elk: A Penobscot in Paris. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK.

McBride, Bunny. (1999). Princess Watahwaso: Bright star of the Penobscot. In: Kaufman, Polly, Ed. Thriving beyond expectations: Women in Maine 1850 - 1969. University of Maine.

McBride, Bunny and Prins, Harald. (1996). Walking the medicine line: Molly Ockett, a Pigwacket doctor. IN: Grumet, Robert S., Ed. (1996). Northeastern Indian lives, 1632 - 1816. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA.

McGuire, Joseph D. (1980). Ethnological and archaeological notes on Moosehead Lake. American Anthropologist n.s. 10. pg. 549-557.

McMullen, A. and Kopec, D. (n.d.) An island in time: Three thousand years of cultural exchange on Mount Desert Island. Bulletin XII, Sanger, David and Prins, Harald E. L., Eds., The Robert Abbe Museum, Bar Harbor, ME.

• Available for purchase from the Abbe museum.

McRae, Jill F. Kealey. (1995). The Fannie Hardy Eckstorm collection : an ethnopoetic analysis Penobscot ways with story. Thesis, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA.

Milner, George R., Anderson, David G., and Smith, Marvin T. (2001). The Distribution of Eastern Woodlands Peoples at the Prehistoric and Historic Interface. In: Societies in Eclipse: Archaeology of the Eastern Woodland Indians, A.D. 1400-1700. David S. Brose, C. Wesley Cowan, and Robert Mainfort, Eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. pg. 9-18.

Mitchell, Harbour, III. (1992). A salvage effort on the coast of Maine: The Lehmann site(40-3). Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 32(2). pg. 1-14.

Mitchell, Harbour, III. (1993). The Carr site (41.66): A middle Ceramic period site in Northport, Maine. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 33(2). pg. 33-?.

Mitchell, Harbour, III. (1995). Paleo-environmental reconstruction using early Holocene faunal assemblages and biological parameters of species therein. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 35(1). pg. 1-12.

Mitchell, Harbour, III. (1997). 1000 B.P. in west Penobscot Bay: 41.68 & 41.68A. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 37(1). pg. 23-?.

Mitchell, Lewis. (1990). Wapapi akonutomakonol = The Wampun records: Wabanaki traditional laws. Micmac-Maliseet Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1900). Prehistoric implements: A reference book. Robert Clark, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1913). Indian remains in Maine. Science. 38. pg. 326-327. W.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1913). Red paint people of Maine. American Anthropologist. 15. pg. 33-47.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1914). The American Indian in the United States: Period 1850-1914. The Andover Press, Andover, MA. IS.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1914). " ...a reply". American Anthropologist. 16. pg. 358-361.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1916). The problem of the Red Paint people. Holmes Anniversary Volume. pg. 359-365.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1917). Prehistoric cultures in the state of Maine. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists. pg. 48-51.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1923). Primitive cultures in the state of Maine. The Archaeological Report. pg. 3-4.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1924). The ancient remains at Pemaquid, Maine. Old-Time New England. 14. pg. 132-141. W.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1928). Abbe Memorial Museum at Bar Harbor. Science. 68. pg. 396-397. W.

Moorehead, Warren K. (1929). Archaeological fieldwork in North America during 1928 Maine. American Anthropologist. pg. 348. Morgan, Lewis H. (1907). Ancient society. Henry Holt and Company, NY, NY.

• This text contains important information on early Abanaki band organization and identification.  (See Snow, 1968, pg. 1147.)

Morrison, Alvin. (1973). Observations concerning an ethnohistorical taxonomy of the Wabenaki Algonquian Amerinds. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 13(1). pg. 1-21. IS.

• "The ETCHEMIN either developed into, or at least were replaced by, today's MALISEET and PASSAMAQUODDY, ... But in the first decade and a half of the 1600's, the greatest ETCHEMIN overlord, Bashaba, lived on the Penobscot River, in what now is (and is shown on Kroeber's map) the heart of PENOBSCOT territory, while his authority spread to the Saco River and his influence extended far into ABNAKI and PENNACOOK lands.  Later, Bashaba's successors (including Madockawando) continued the ETCHEMIN overlordship, but of ever-less-vast domains." pg. 14-15.
• One of the principle advocates of the Bashaba as a Etchemin.

Morrison, Alvin. (1974). Dawnland decisions: Seventeenth-century Wabanaki leaders and their responses to the differential contact stimuli in the overlap area of New France and New England. University Microfilms, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY.

Morrison, Alvin H. (1975). Membertou's Raid on the Chouacoet "Almouchiquois" - the Micmac Sack of Saco in 1607. Papers of the Sixth Algonquian Conference, 1974. William Cowan, Ed. Canadian Ethnology Service Paper 23.National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. pg. 141-179. W.

Morrison, Alvin H. (1976). Dawnland directors: status and role of seventeenth century Wabanaki Sagamores. Papers of the Seventh Algonquian Conference, 1976. William Cowan, Ed. Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.

Morrison, Alvin H. (1991). Dawnland Directors' Decisions: Seventeenth-Century Encounter Dynamics on the Wabanaki Frontier. Papers of the twenty-second Algonquian conference. Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. pg. 225-245.

Morrison, Alvin H. (2008). MawooshenResearch. http://www.lakesregionofmaine.gen.me.us/sebago_anthro/index.html

Morrison, Kenneth M. (1978). The people of the dawn: The Abnaki and their relations with New England and New France, 1600-1727. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI.

Mosher, John and Spiess, Arthur. (2004). An archaic site at Mattamiscontis on the Penobscot River. The Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 44(2). pg. 1-35. IS.

Muir, Diana. (2000). Reflections in Bullough's Pond: Economy and ecosystem in New England. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH. IS.

• While most of this text traces the evolution of the Industrial Revolution in New England to the current ecological crisis pertaining to chemical fallout issues, the first several chapters contain important observations pertaining to Native Americans in New England.
• Muir's primary observation is that hunting and gathering tribes maintained a viable equilibrium by limiting population growth and living within their resources.  Muir notes that when the population outgrew the supply of game animals, there was a shift from hunting to harvesting shellfish.  She also notes the large oyster shell heaps at Damariscotta and implies they may signify the impoverishment of the hunting and gathering tribes living north of the Kennebec. (pg. 9).
• Muir has this comment on the evolution of agricultural communities in southern New England "The change from hunting and gathering to depending on crops for half the annual food supply was made not suddenly or even in a single generation, but over the course of decades and centuries.  It was a choice that redounded to enforce the original decision.  A population growing too large to sustain itself by gathering the bounty of nature chooses to cultivate and store crops for the lean season.  The surplus thus produced enables the population to grow, which compels a more intensive agriculture, which results in population growth, which compels more intensive cultivation, which results in ..." (pg. 11-12).
• Frequently citing Dean Snow, Muir inadvertently perpetuates the anomalous deletion of the Wawenoc Indian from contemporary ethnohistoric writings.  "North of the Kennebec, where corn was not grown, they lived as Europeans could live only in dreams: by plucking fruit and chasing the wild buck in the greenwood.  It was that rare case of reality approaching idyll." (pg. 15).
• Not at all central to the purpose of Muir's important book, but still of interest to anyone concerned with the history of Native Americans in Maine is the question of the status of the Wawenoc Indians living east of the Kennebec River.  The traditional practice by Native Americans of burning the under foliage of the coastal forests to open it for productive hunting as well as for agricultural use that both Muir and Cronon (Changes in the Land) describe also may apply to that small segment of the Maine coast that lies between the Kennebec and the Penobscot rivers.  Muir, however, continues to rely on Dean Snow who in the Archaeology of New England designates the many Wawenoc villages between the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers as Kennebec and Penobscot Indian villages, effectively eliminating the Wawenocs from current history texts.
• For additional comments see the annotations on this book in the Industrial Revolution bibliography and in the Norumbega bioregion changes in the land bibliography.

Munson, Patrick. (1973) The Origins and Antiquity of Maize-Bean-Squash Agriculture in Eastern North America; Some Linguistic Evidence. Variations in Anthropology. Edited by Lathrap, D.W. and Douglas, Jody. Univeristy of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.

Nash, R.J. Ed. (1983). The evolution of Maritime cultures on the northeast and the northwest coasts of North America. Department of Archaeology Publication 11, Simon Fraser University. W.

Newell, Catherine S. C. (1981). Molly Ockett. Bethel Historical Society, Bethel, ME.

Newman, Walter S. and Salwen, Bert, Eds. (1977). Amerinds and their paleoenvironments in northeastern North America. Vol. 288. New York Academy of Sciences, NY, NY.

• This text apparently contains a chapter titled: Early and Middle Archaic Site Distribution and Habitats in Southern New England by Dincauze and Mulholland.

Nickel, Harry G. (1965). The Cameron point excavation at Southport Island, Maine. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 3. pg. 13-16. W.

Nies, Judith. (1996). Native American history: A chronology of a culture's vast achievements and their links to world events. Ballantine Books, NY, NY. IS.

Noel-Hume, Ivor. (1969). Historical archaeology. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY.

Norman, Craig. (1998). Controlled surface collection and artifact analysis of the Stevens Brook site, Presumpscot watershed. Maine Archaeological Society Bulletin. 38(2). pg 23-?. W.

Oldale, Robert N. (1985). Rapid postglacial shoreline changes in the western Gulf of Maine and the Paleo-Indian environment. American Antiquity. 50(2). pg. 145-150. W.

Oldale, Robert N., Whitmore, Frank C. and Grimes, John R. (1987). Elephant teeth from the western gulf of Maine, and their implications.National Geographic Research. 3(4). pg. 439-446.

Palmer, Rose A. (1929). The North American Indians: An account of the American Indians north of Mexico, compiled from the original sources. Smithsonian Scientific Series. Volume 4. Abbot, Charles Greeley, Ed. Smithsonian Institution Series, Inc., NY, NY. IS.

Parker, Arlita Dodge. (1925). A History of Pemaquid with sketches of Monhegan, Popham, Castine. Macdonald & Evans, Boston, MA.

• "The Pemaquid country was first known to Englishmen, so far as any written narrative relates, when it was visited by George Waymouth and his men, twenty-nine in number, June 3, 1605.  Waymouth's ship was not the first that had skirted this rocky shore, but it was the first English ship that had come near enough to the Pemaquid peninsula to pass under the very eyes of that tribe of the 'Abenakis,' of eastern savages, know as 'Wawenocks.'" (pg. 7).
• "It was on the afternoon of May 30th [1605] that Waymouth's men first saw the savages.  They were Wawenock braves who late in May had left their wigwams in Pemaquid to go 'fishing and fowling' down the shores of the St. George's region." (pg. 9).
• "Griffin returned to the ship to report that there were 'two hundred and eighty-three salvages, every one with his bowe and arrowes, with their dogges and wolves, which they keepe tame at command,' and 'not anything to exchange at all.'  The English, somewhat staggered by the great number of savages as compared with their own company, became alarmed, and suspected treachery." (pg. 11).
• "'Wherefore, after good advice taken, we determined so soone as we could to take some of them, least (being suspitious we had discovered their plots) they should absent themselves from us.'  On this pretext, they captured five savages." (pg. 11).
• "In July, 1605, ... Champlain sailed up the Sheepscot to the present Wiscasset Point, where he entered into an alliance with some friendly Indians, probably the Wawenocks, the same tribe with which Waymouth treated.  By the back river he reached the Kennebec." (pg. 15).
• "Champlain makes one reference to the Waymouth ship.  He says that Anasou, a native, told him while in the Kennebec, 'that there was a ship ten leagues off the harbor which was engaged in fishing, and that those on board her had killed five savages of this river, under cover of friendship." (pg. 15).
• "The captives told Gorges of the 'goodly rivers' and the stately harbors' of America, of the different savage tribes and where they were seated, and awakened in his soul an interest in the new world which did not perish with the years." (pg. 16).
• "Purchas makes the 'Pemaquid' one of the nine rivers that water the dominions of the Bashaba in a strange land called 'Mavooshen,' confusing the river perhaps with the Penobscot, while Strachey and Gorges apply the name 'Pemaquid' to the river explored by Waymouth.  John Smith spoke of the whole coast as having formerly been called 'Norumbega, Musconkus, Penaquida, Canada, and such other names as those that ranged the coast pleased.'" (pg. 17).
• "...one cannot but regret that circumstances prevented Gilbert and Popham from appearing before the courts of that mysterious and challenging figure, the 'Bashaba.'  About him much has been written, but little is really known.  Purchas in his 'Pilgrims' makes him the chief lord of an extensive country called 'Mawooshen,' stretching from the Tarratines at the east to the River Piscataqua at the west.  Purchas' whole description is too fanciful, however, to carry any weight.  Rosier evidently believed that the savages with whom they treated used the word 'Bashaba' as a general term for ruler.  'They gave us some (tobacco),' he writes, 'to carry to our Bashaba.'  Gorges says: 'That part of the country we first seated in seemed to be monarchical,' its ruler having the title of 'Bashaba.'  'The Bashaba,' he writes, 'and his people seemed to be of some eminence above the rest. ... His own chief abode was not far from Pemaquid.'"  (pg. 27).
• "John Smith enumerated, under their several Indian names, the countries from the Penobscot to Massachusetts, and adds; 'Though most be lords of themselves, yet they hold the Bashabes of Penobscot the chiefe and greatest amongst them." (pg. 27).
• "Alliances were common, but there was no federation in the sense of one tribe's paying tribute to the people and rulers of another.  The notion that the Bashaba as a sort of emperor was current with the early English, but not with the French who knew the savages more intimately.  The 'Bashaba' was doubtless merely a prominent savage chief." (pg. 27).
• "The Indians fought stoutly to retain the lands east of Pemaquid and north of certain points on the Kennebec.  At the conference with Gov. Shute in 1717 they said they were unwilling that th